Imperialism in the Bahamas - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1957 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Imperialism Essay Did you like this example? Imperialism Imperialism is the cause and or the secondary reason for many confrontational periods in the history of not only America but the world. Imperialism is when a country forcefully takes control of another nation whether it is through a territorial takeover or by extending political, economic, and religious practices and policies. Imperialism can also be a strong influence on another nation. This aspect of Imperialism is called Neo-Imperialism/Neo-Colonialism. This is where a country that is well developed controls another less developed countries in non direct ways. Imperialism is caused by many things such as nations wanting the raw materials that the country they are invading can provide, to spread ideals government and or religious, for the point of expansion to gain land, Nationalism(an extreme loyalty or devotion to a nation), the need for new transportation routes, and the spread of christianity. Imperialism can be seen in very many ways as it can be very good in developing new technology for expansion and discovering new crops to cultivate but it can also lead to violence, conflict with the people that reside within that territory , and it can also lead to slavery as we have seen in history before. These all depend on who is taking over the area. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Imperialism in the Bahamas" essay for you Create order The Bahamas The Bahamas was first discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492. He landed on San Salvador and it immediately became a location of interest because of the shipping possibilities but the spanish made no attempts to settle the island. In the late 1600s this Bahamas became a place of piracy because the oceans were so busy during the time. The pirates caused the area to become very unsafe and was seen as an dangerous place so the Spanish destroyed one of the places located in The Bahamas (Nassau) and Nassau was rebuilt after with reinforcements. The first sight of interest to settle in the Bahamas were by Great Britain in 1629 but they made no effort to settle or colonize the area and other various islands located near the Bahamas. In 1644 the first signs of true British colonization were for the sake of religious freedom by captain williams Sayle. They sent two ships but one didnt end up making it through the full journey. They named the island they landed on Eleuthera. As the years passed the settled area began to progress. They created a constitution and along with that constitution they gained access to the natural resources and the ability to vote. Their population also increased from the 70 settlers they arrived with to around one thousand settlers at the time. Majority of the population were white people while the rest were the indigenous people who had become slaves. They didnt proceed without any trouble though . At this time The Bahamas became plagued with absurd piracy to the point where they were not trading with other places because cargo ships were being sieged constantly when they were trying to exchange with and then In 1720 Spain tried to invade Nassau for war advantage but were unsuccessful. Then In 1729 is when the area started to progress economically even though they cant grow crops Because of weather problems. one of the first major acts of imperialism in the Bahamas was during the American revolution. During the revolution the Americans raised the British controlled Nassau. America raided and gained control of Nassau because they were holding a large amount of gunpowder because they in desperate need as they were in a shortage during a time of war. After this event a few years later they were taken over again by the spanish during another war in 1781-1782. The island was returned to Britain as a part of the treaty of versailles. One of the many reasons why the Bahamas was such a target during the time is because they had salt. Salt is a very valuable resource. The Bahamas was mostly captured during a time of war and salt is one of the components needed to make gunpowder. The Bahamas has produced cotton and large quantities of it. They had large plantations with slaves where the shipped out a large quantity of bales. They also of course an amazing area for trade and food considering they are surrounded by nothing but water. This was also another reason why they took over the area. They Bahamas overall was taking over for purely economic benefit of whatever country had possession of them at the time. The Bahamas were definitely struck in many different ways by imperialism. They lost a lot of economic value after the abolition of slavery because no one was available to manage all the cotton fields. The years before the bahamas gained their independence in 1973 is when they economically started to boom. Britain started to used the bahamas as a tourist attraction in the 1940s. So after they were no longer a british colony they already had business and by the 1980s they were using tourism as their biggest attraction. This turned the Bahamas into a majority market type economy. Britain kick started the economy of The Bahamas. After the separation from Britain The Bahamas went from a monarchy and became a parliamentary democracy. They also kept the british monarch (Queen Elizabeth the 2nd) as their head of state. The Queen is now represented by a Governor. They joined CommonWealth( an association made up of former territories controlled by the the british empire) this association promotes peace and provides several benefits such as the commonwealth games which bring increase the tourism rates every 4 years. Britain still has political influence on the bahamas because they both have the same head. They also developed their own political parties such as the P.L.P( Progressive Liberal Party) they played a vital part on the process of gaining independence. They also formed the F.P.L.P( Free Progressive Liberal Party) which was the opposite of the F.L.P. The F.P.L.P then merged with United Bahamian Party to form the F.N.M(Free National Movement) and the party proceeded to take over. The main language spoken being english is also an effect Britain because they should either speak their indigenous language that they created themselves before Christopher Columbus came to the islands or they should speak italian or spanish because those are the two languages he spoke and they would also be the first language the indigenous people were exposed to at the time. The education in the Bahamas began to become better after they gained independence because they wanted citizens to be able to perform in the new nation. Education became one of the largest shares of the national budget after they seperated. Them seperating from Britain gave them a push to become better. In 1974 They got rid of entrance exams so that all students could go to college and they also opened the college of The Bahamas next to 4 other post-secondary institutions . They also started to provide tertiary school which is just basically college all over the nation and not in just select areas. The Bahamas also started to look for funding for their education development. The Bahamas ministry of Education were sent representatives from commonwealth to help them come up with ideas for making the education system better overall. They also came up with several policies to ensure school material was mastered such as the no social promotion policy and how graduations will always be linked to the academic performance of a student and not based on their participation. They introduced new studies such as tourism studies in post-secondary school(college). They introduced a new curriculum over all of the Bahamas that was created solely by the teachers of the Bahamas. This was all done over a span of 25 years. They changed all these things and even changed their whole education system because of imperialism. Great Britain was not deeply involved with the education in the Bahamas while they were under their control so after they were freed they basically had to play catch up to compete with other nations that already had good education systems. Britain only helped through a commonwealth representative after they separated from each other. Things were also starting to change in less major ways such as religion and other things. Majority of people lived in the city and the main religion at the time was christianity but there were still people who had other beliefs but the christianity stayed from the people who came to the islands for religious freedom. The ethnic groups in The Bahamas were mixed they had people of slave descendent and british descendent. They als had people who are asian that ended of migrating to the area. They also introduced a national flag. The cultural quickly became associated with Africa, More specifically West Africa. The African heritage comes from the african slaves that were brought to the Bahamas by the British as a slaves and the traditions were passed down to the descendants to the keep the culture alive. InterCultural Understanding Intercultural understanding is destroyed by imperialism because it completely gets rid of the opposing culture of the land you are invading. You are immediately pushing your culture upon them without trying to figure out how the opposing cultures works or the morals that come along with it so you also end up mistreating or being extremely disrespectful towards them. You can understand something unless you take the time out to actually sit down and learn it. Imperialism is basically destroying culture. The whole point of cultural imperialism is to convert and or change the way people do things such as the way the speak or religion. That is basically what European expansion is. The objective is to destroy native culture and replace it with your own. The problem with imperialism is that there is no coexisting. Imperialism not only ruins intercultural understanding but it also ruins cultural diversity because they are trying to change everyone to their culture. The thing about cultural imperialism is that it doesnt actually truly work the way it is expected to work by the nations that attempt it because people arent letting there cultural slip away from them completely. Just like in the Bahamas how their prominent religion is Christianity and how they were shown those European customs during the time they were being controlled. They still ended up keeping pieces of heritage through the cultural that they kept alive slightly by telling stories and passing important cultural things down from generation to generation. In conclusion, imperialism isnt necessarily bad idea. It just isnt good for the place that is being invaded because they lose their culture slightly but on the other had the nation thats taking over culture will start to thrive as the culture is being vastly expanded because it is being exposed to brand new people and who is to say that these people wont prefer this culture over their current one but it is all based on the perspective you have of the situation and how the situation is handled. Works Cited Our History. The Official Site of The Bahamas, www.bahamas.com/our-history. Bahamas Colony. The British Empire, www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/bahamas.htm. The Bahamas, countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/116.htm. Bahamians History and Cultural Relations. Countries and Their Cultures, www.everyculture.com/Middle-America-Caribbean/Bahamians-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html. Saunders, Gail, and David Russell Harris. The Bahamas. Encyclop?dia Britannica, Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc., 25 July 2018, www.britannica.com/place/The-Bahamas/Government-and-society. miller_bethel, www.educoas.org/Portal/bdigital/contenido/interamer/BkIACD/Interamer/Interamerhtml/Millerhtml/mil_beth.htm. Bahamas., The. The Bahamas. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations, Encyclopedia.com, 2018, www.encyclopedia.com/places/latin-america-and-caribbean/caribbean-political-geography/bahamas#POLITICAL_PARTIES. Bahama Islands. Countries and Their Cultures, www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Bahama-Islands.html.

The Defeat of The Confederacy Essay - 1810 Words

There were several reasons for the defeat of the Confederacy which included no industrial base, (Donald 1996, p. 99) inadequate transportation net (Donald, 1996, p. 99), and bickering among the generals (McPherson Hogue, 2009, p. 365) etc., but the overriding factor was that the Confederacy never became a nation (Donald, 1996, p. 100). That is, they seceded because the Southern states believed they had the right as independent States to do so (Donald, 1996, p. 7). The South lost because they never stopped believing this. No state could depend on any other for full support of the war. The Governor of Georgia specifically prohibited his troops from fighting outside the state for many months. Many governors set limits on how many†¦show more content†¦The entire truly tragic sense of the Lost Cause was that the South’s men knew their cause was lost, they knew there was really no way they could possibly win, and yet they fought on with tremendous bravery and dedicati on. The Civil War was such a poignant and even heart-wrenching time (Bowman, 2006, p.756). Despite the long-held notion that the South had all of the better generals, it really had only one good Army commander and that was General Lee. The rest were second-raters, at best (Donald, 1996, pp. 9-21). The North, on the other hand, had the good fortune of bringing along and nurturing people like Ulysses Grant, William Sherman, Philip Sheridan, George Thomas, and others. The South was way outclassed industrially (Donald, 1996, pp. 70-74). There was probably never any chance her winning without European recognition and military aid (Donald, 1996, p. 74); Jefferson Davis, realized at the time, that there was never any real hope of Europe intervening. It just never was in England or Frances best interests to get involved in a North American war. Industrially, the South could not keep up in output and in manpower (Donald, 1996, pp. 7-16). By the end of the war, the South had, more or less, plenty of weaponry still, but it just did not have enough men to sustain the use of the guns (Donald, 1996, pp. 18-19). History of the United States Columbian Exchange Colonialism The European and native AmericanShow MoreRelatedFollowing The Defeat Of The Confederacy In 1865, Nathan790 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, Nathan B. Forrest was held in high regards in the south as a â€Å"War Hero†. It was reported that he had twenty-nine horse shot out from under him, killed or wounded thirty soldiers in hand-to-hand combat, and being wounded four separate times himself.1 The Ku Klux Klan was already in existence when they offered him a position of command in the fight against reconstruction and corruption that came with it. 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The Crystal Shard 16. Shallow Graves Free Essays

When Wulfgar awakened just before midday, rested from his long night’s work, he was surprised to see Drizzt already up and about, busily preparing a pack for a long hike. â€Å"Today we start a different type of lesson,† Drizzt explained to the barbarian. â€Å"We’ll set out right after you’ve had something to eat. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crystal Shard 16. Shallow Graves or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"To where?† â€Å"First, the dwarven mines,† replied Drizzt. â€Å"Bruenor will want to see you so he might measure your progress for himself.† He smiled at the big man. â€Å"He shan’t be disappointed!† Wulfgar smiled, confident that his new-found prowess with the hammer would impress even the grumpy dwarf. â€Å"And then?† â€Å"To Termalaine, on the banks of Maer Dualdon. I have a friend there. One of my few,† he added quickly with a wink, drawing a smile from Wulfgar. â€Å"A man named Agorwal. I want you to meet some of the people of Ten-Towns so that you might better judge them.† â€Å"What have I to judge?† Wulfgar asked angrily. The drow’s dark and knowing eyes bore into him. Wulfgar clearly understood what Drizzt had in mind. The dark elf was trying to personalize the people the barbarians had declared enemies, to show Wulfgar the everyday existence of the men, women, and children who might have been victims of his own heavy pole if the fight on the slopes had turned out differently. Fearless in any battle, Wulfgar was truly frightened of facing those people. Already the young barbarian had begun to question the virtues of his warlike people; the innocent faces he would encounter in the town his people had casually marked for burning could well complete the destruction of the foundations of his entire world. The two companions set out a short time later, retracing their steps around the eastern trails of Kelvin’s Cairn. A dusty wind was blowing in steadily from the east, assaulting them with fine grains of stinging sand as they crossed the exposed face of the mountain. Though the glaring sun was especially draining on Drizzt, he kept a strong pace and did not stop for rest. In the late afternoon, when they finally rounded a southern spur, they were exhausted but in good spirits. â€Å"In the shelter of the mines, I had forgotton how cruel the tundra wind could be!† laughed Wulfgar. â€Å"We’ll have some protection below the rim of the valley,† said Drizzt. He patted the empty waterskin at his side. â€Å"Come, I know where we might refill these before we continue.† He led Wulfgar westward, below the southern slopes of the mountain. The drow knew of an icy stream a short distance away, its waters fed from the snow melt atop Kelvin’s Cairn. The brook sang merrily as it danced across the stones. Nearby birds cackled and cawed at the approach of the companions, and a lynx slipped silently away. Everything appeared as it should, but from the moment they arrived on the large, flat rock that was commonly used by travelers as a campsite, Drizzt sensed that something was terribly wrong. Moving in tentatively, he searched for some tangible sign that would confirm his growing suspicions. Wulfgar, though, dove belly-down onto the stone and dunked his sweat – and dust-streaked face eagerly into the cold water. When he pulled it back out, the luster had returned to his eyes, as if the icy water had given him back his vitality. But then the barbarian noticed crimson stains on the rock and followed their gory trail to the hairy piece of skin that had gotten caught on the sharp tip of a stone just above the rushing stream. Both skilled trackers, the ranger and barbarian had little difficulty in ascertaining that a battle had recently been fought on this spot. They recognized the coarse hair on the patch of skin as a piece of beard, which of course led them to think of the dwarves. They found three sets of giant-size footsteps nearby. Following a tangent line of tracks that stretched southward a short distance to a sandy patch of ground, they soon found the shallow graves. â€Å"Not Bruenor,† Drizzt said grimly, examining the two corpses. â€Å"Younger dwarves – Bundo, son of Fellhammer, and Dourgas, son of Argo Grimblade, I believe.† â€Å"We should make all haste to the mines,† Wulfgar suggested. â€Å"Soon,† replied the drow. â€Å"We still have much to learn about what happened here, and tonight may be our only chance. Were these giants simply passing rogues, or are they lairing in the area? And are there more of the foul beasts?† â€Å"Bruenor should be told,† Wulfgar argued. â€Å"And so he will,† said Drizzt. â€Å"But if these three are still nearby, as I believe they are since they took the time to bury their kill, they might well return for some more sport when night falls.† He directed Wulfgar’s gaze to the west, where the sky had already begun to take on the pink shades of twilight. â€Å"Are you ready for a fight, barbarian?† With a determined grunt, Wulfgar brought Aegis-fang down from his shoulder and slapped the adamantite handle across his free hand. â€Å"We shall see who finds sport this night.† They moved behind the secrecy of a rocky bluff south of the flat stone and waited as the sun passed below the horizon and the dark shadows deepened into evening. It wasn’t very long a wait, for the same verbeeg that had killed the dwarves the night before were again the first out of the lair, anxious to seek fresh victims. Soon the patrol came crashing over the mountain slopes and onto the flat rock beside the stream. Wulfgar immediately moved to charge, but Drizzt stayed him before he gave their position away. The drow had every intention of killing these giants, but he wanted to see if he could learn anything about why they were here first. â€Å"Drats an’ dingers,† grumbled one of the giants. â€Å"Not a dwarf to be found!† â€Å"Rotten luck, it is,† groaned another. â€Å"An’ our last night out, too,† The creature’s companions looked at it curiously. â€Å"The other group’s cumin’ in tomorrow,† the verbeeg explained. â€Å"Our numbers’ll double, an’ stinkin’ ogres an’ orcs to boot, an’ the boss ain’t to let us out ’til everthin’s calmed again.† â€Å"A score more in that stinkin’ hole,† complained one of the others. â€Å"Rightly t’send us flippin’!† â€Å"Let’s be movin’, then,† said the third. â€Å"No huntin’ ‘ere an’ no night fer wastin’.† The two adventurers behind the bluff tensed reflexively when the giants spoke of leaving. â€Å"If we can get to that rock,† Wulfgar reasoned, unknowingly pointing to the same boulder that the giants had used for their ambush the night before, â€Å"we’ll have them before they even realize we’re here!† He turned anxiously to Drizzt but backed off immediately when he saw the drow. The lavender eyes burned with a luster that Wulfgar had never witnessed before. â€Å"There are only three of them,† said Drizzt, his voice holding a fragile edge of calm that threatened to explode at any moment. â€Å"We need no surprise.† Wulfgar didn’t quite know how to take this unexpected change in the dark elf. â€Å"You taught me to seek every advantage,† he said cautiously. â€Å"In battle, yes,† answered Drizzt. â€Å"This is vengeance. Let the giants see us, let them feel the terror of impending doom!† The scimitars suddenly appeared in his slender hands as he walked out around the bluff, his steady stride unnervingly holding the unswerving promise of death. One of the giants yelled out in surprise, and they all froze in their tracks when they saw the drow step out before them. Apprehensive and confused, they formed a defensive line across the flat rock. The verbeeg had heard legends of the drow, even some where the dark elves had joined forces with giants, but the sudden appearance of Drizzt caught them totally by surprise. Drizzt enjoyed their nervous twitchings, and he held back to savor the moment. â€Å"What are ye fer, then?† one of the giants asked cautiously. â€Å"A friend of dwarves,† Drizzt replied with a wicked laugh. Wulfgar leaped out beside him as the largest of the giants charged without hesitation. But Drizzt stopped him cold. The drow pointed one his scimitars at the advancing giant and stated with deathly calm, â€Å"You are dead.† At once, the verbeeg was limned by purplish flames. It yelled in terror and retreated a step, but Drizzt stalked it methodically. An overwhelming impulse came over Wulfgar to throw the warhammer, as though Aegis-fang was exerting a will of its own. The weapon whistled through the night air and exploded into the giant standing in the middle, hurling its broken body into the swollen stream. Wulfgar was truly awe-stricken with the power and deadliness of the throw, but he worried about how effectively he could fight off the third giant with a small dagger, the only weapon he had left. The giant recognized the advantage as well and charged wildly. Wulfgar went for the dagger. But instead he found Aegis-fang magically returned to his grasp. He had no idea of this special power Bruenor had imbued upon the weapon, and he had no time now to pause and ponder. Terrified, but having nowhere to run, the largest giant attacked Drizzt with abandon, giving the elf even more of an advantage. The monster lifted its heavy club high, the movement exaggerated by rage, and Drizzt quickly poked his pointed blades through the leather tunic and into the exposed belly. With only a slight hesitation, the giant continued its mighty swing, but the agile drow still had ample time to dodge the blow. And as the swing threw the lumbering giant off-balance, Drizzt jabbed two more tiny holes into its shoulder and neck. â€Å"Are you watching, boy?† the drow called gaily to Wulfgar. â€Å"It fights like one of your kind.† Wulfgar was heavily engaged with the remaining giant, easily maneuvering Aegis-fang to deflect the monster’s powerful blows, but he was able to catch glimpses of the battle to his side. The scene painted a grim reminder of the value of what Drizzt had taught him, for the drow was toying with the verbeeg, using its uncontrolled rage against it. Again and again, the monster reared for a killing blow, and each time Drizzt was quick to strike and dance away. Verbeeg blood flowed freely from a dozen wounds, and Wulfgar knew that Drizzt could finish the job at any time. But he was amazed that the dark elf was enjoying the tormenting game he played. Wulfgar hadn’t yet struck a solid blow on his opponent, biding his time, as Drizzt had taught him, until the enraged verbeeg wore itself out. Already the barbarian could see that the giant’s blows were coming with less frequency and vigor. Finally, lathered in sweat and breathing heavily, the verbeeg slipped up and dropped its guard. Aegis-fang pounded home once, and then again, and the giant toppled in a lump. The verbeeg fighting Drizzt was down on one knee now, the drow having deftly sliced out one of its hamstrings. When Drizzt saw the second giant fall before Wulfgar, he decided to end the game. The giant took one more futile swing, and Drizzt waded in behind the flow of the weapon, jabbing with one scimitar and this time following the cruel point with his full weight. The blade slipped through the giant’s neck and upward into its brain. * * * Later, one question pressed upon Drizzt as he and Wulfgar, resting on one knee, considered the results of their handiwork. â€Å"The hammer?† he asked simply. Wulfgar looked down at Aegis-fang and shrugged. â€Å"I do not know,† he answered honestly. â€Å"It returned to my hand by its own magic!† Drizzt smiled to himself. He knew. How wondrous the crafting of Bruenor, he thought. And how deeply the dwarf must care for the boy to have given him such a gift! â€Å"A score of verbeeg coming,† groaned Wulfgar. â€Å"And another twenty already here,† added Drizzt. â€Å"Go straight away to Bruenor,† he instructed. â€Å"These three just came from the lair; I shouldn’t have much trouble backtracking and finding out where the rest of them are.† Wulfgar nodded his assent, though he looked upon Drizzt with concern. The uncharacteristic smolder he had seen in the drow’s eyes before they attacked the verbeeg had unnerved the barbarian. He wasn’t quite sure just how daring the dark elf might be. â€Å"What do you mean to do when you find the lair?† Drizzt said nothing but smiled wryly, adding to the barbarian’s apprehension. Finally he eased his friend’s worries. â€Å"Meet me back at this spot in the morning. I assure you that I shan’t begin the fun without you!† â€Å"I shall return before the first light of dawn,† Wulfgar replied grimly. He spun on his heel and disappeared into the darkness, making his way as fast as he could under starlight. Drizzt, too, started away, tracing the trail of the three giants westward across the face of Kelvin’s Cairn. Eventually, he heard the baritone voices of giants, and shortly thereafter he saw the hastily constructed wooden doors that marked their lair, cunningly concealed behind some brush halfway up a rocky foothill. Drizzt waited patiently and soon saw a second patrol of three giants emerge from the lair: And later on, when they returned, a third group came out. The drow was trying to discern if any alarms had gone up due to the absence of the first patrol. But verbeeg were almost always unruly and undependable, and Drizzt was reassured from the small snatches of conversation he was able to hear that the giants assumed their missing companions had either gotten lost or simply deserted. When the drow slipped away a few hours later to set his next plans, he was confident that he still had the element of surprise working for him. * * * Wulfgar ran all through the night. He delivered his message to Bruenor and started back to the north without waiting for the clan to be roused. His great strides took him to the flat rock more than an hour before the first light, even before Drizzt had returned from the lair. He went back behind the bluff to wait, his concern for the drow growing with every passing second. Finally, able to stand the suspense no longer, he sought out the trail of the verbeeg and started tracking it toward the lair, determined to discover what was happening. He hadn’t gone twenty feet when a hand cuffed him on the back of the head. Reflexively he spun to meet his attacker, but his astonishment turned to joy when he saw Drizzt standing before him. Drizzt had returned to the rock shortly after Wulfgar but had remained hidden, watching the barbarian to see if the impulsive young warrior would trust in their pact or decide to take matters into his own hands. â€Å"Never doubt an appointed rendezvous until its hour has passed,† the drow scolded sternly, touched as he was by the barbarian’s concern for his well-being. Any response that might have been coming from Wulfgar was cut short, for suddenly the two companions heard a gruff shout from a familiar voice. â€Å"Get me a pig-squealin’ giant to kill!† Bruenor called from the flat stone by the stream behind them. Enraged dwarves can roll along at an incredible speed. In less than an hour, Bruenor’s clan had assembled and started after the barbarian, nearly matching his frantic pace. â€Å"Well met,† Drizzt called as he moved to join the dwarf. He found Bruenor eyeing the three dead verbeeg with grim satisfaction. Fifty iron-visaged, battle-ready dwarves, more than half the clan, stood around their leader. â€Å"Elf,† Bruenor greeted with his customary consideration. â€Å"A lair, is it?† Drizzt nodded. â€Å"A mile to the west, but let that be not your first concern. The giants there are not going anywhere, but they are expecting guests this very day. â€Å"The boy told me,† said Bruenor. â€Å"A score of reinforcements.† He swung his axe casually. â€Å"Somehow I get the feelin’ they’re not goin’ t’ make the lair! Any notion o’ where they’re to be cumin’ in?† â€Å"North and east is the only way.† Drizzt reasoned. â€Å"Somewhere down Icewind Pass, around the north of Lac Dinneshere. Your people will greet them, then?† â€Å"Of course,† replied Bruenor. â€Å"They’ll be passin’ Daledrop for certain.† A twinkle edged his eye. â€Å"What do ye mean to do?† he asked Drizzt. â€Å"An what o’ the boy?† â€Å"The boy remains with me,† Drizzt insisted. â€Å"He needs rest. We’ll watch over the lair.† The eager gleam in Drizzt’s eye gave Bruenor the impression that the drow had more in mind than watching. â€Å"Crazy elf,† he said under his breath. â€Å"Probably’ll take on the whole lot of ’em by himself!† He looked around curiously again at the dead giants. â€Å"And win!† Then Bruenor studied the two adventurers, trying to match their weapons with the types of wounds on the verbeeg. â€Å"The boy felled two,† Drizzt replied to the dwarf’s unspoken question. A hint of a rare smile found its way onto Bruenor’s face. â€Å"Two to yer one, eh? Yer slippin’, elf.† â€Å"Nonsense,† Drizzt retorted. â€Å"I recognized that he needed the practice!† Bruenor shook his head, surprised by the extent of the pride he felt toward Wulfgar, though of course he wasn’t about to tell the boy and swell his head. â€Å"Yer slippin’!† he called again as he moved up to the head of the clan. The dwarves took up a rhythmic chanting, an ancient tune that had once echoed off the silvery halls of their lost homeland. Bruenor looked back at his two adventurous friends and honestly wondered what would be left of the giant lair by the time he and his fellow dwarves returned. How to cite The Crystal Shard 16. Shallow Graves, Essay examples

Software Defined Network Organize and Maintain Services

Question: Discuss about theSoftware Defined Network for Organize and Maintain Services. Answer: Introduction Software defined network abbreviated as SDN is computer networking approach which allow administrators of network to monitor, organize and maintain services offered by the network infrastructure [1]. It centralizes the computing components which help control the properties of the network. Convectional network are different from Software defined Network in that the physical routers and switches are not separated as the case with SDN. This is important as allows network administrators to write level control programs to specify the attributes of the whole network. This is done through network abstraction whereby administrators remove additional properties from the network leaving just the essential ones [2]. Literarure Review This paper will review some done by fellow researchers on Software Defined Networking so as to get deep understanding of what has been done, what has not been done and what needs to be done [3]. New approaches and thorough analysis will be done so as to reveal the success and shortcomings of software defined networking An American author named Diego together with his colleagues Fernando and Ramos proposes a software defines environment to assist the software defined networking[4]. They argue that software defined network is the basis of advanced networking that is taking world by storm and will eventually the industry for good. They note a number of ways that SDN differs from the existing or traditional networks. Software defined networks is considered the interface between the control plane and data plane where it receives high speed network traffic from data plane and defines how it will be passed to control plane [2] Software defined network is the link between data plane and control plane where administrator can administer abstractions for network devices where they can hide the details of the network[1] The centralized logic center is centralized by Software defined network to give it a universal view of network resources and specification needed to build and optimize the global policy effectiveness [5]. Figure 1: SDN functionality planes Software defined network has slowly by slowly improved the state of network innovation by increasing network scalability, flexibility of performance[6]. Ease of network management is critical as it helps cut maintenance costs, however most network administrators argue that it is likely to be high at initial stage of set up but in the long run it goes down. Of most notable figure in software defined networking is IBM SDN environment which possess the main characteristics of SDN. These features in IBM SDN environment include reduced maintenance costs, scalability, improved and manageable performance and assured security[7]. However these authors fail to address how SDN use network resources better and efficiently. Moreover they have noticed the gap and explain that in the near future this will be addressed by use of tight tracking control loops that are able to do adaptive and clever network engineering together with cementing of network traffic as well as offer services of higher quality. IBM software define network virtualized environment has the ability for all rapid instantiation of virtualized networks and inter operate the products with Open stack neutron plugin which give API for virtual networking Neuron open stack plugin is made of network applications like middle box and Virtual machine placement which improves consciousness of the network. This is a promising feature of SDN-VE which is seen that after a few years it will be a platform for IBM to solve future problems. Though SDN-VE is a promising platform it comes with a number of challenges. Fernando and his fellow authors questions how will make the abstract network models design and implementation easy to understand and easily express policy. Another challenge they face is to build frameworks that give SDN controllers ability not be extended without conflicts to third party and lastly but not the least if how to offer self-management and self-turning of networks through intelligent use of resources Two other authors Michael and Wolfgang in their publication [8]propose SDN using applications, open flow protocols as well as architectural design choices. SDN southbound is implemented by an Open flow protocol. Open flow distinguish data plane from control plane by offering configurable forwarding plane hence considered pre dominant. Open flow architecture is composed of three main concepts namely open flow switches for Data plane, open flow controllers within data plane and secure control channel to offer links for control plane switches Figure 1: A 3 layered architecture showing open flow switches for control plane and open flow controllers for data plane All Open flow compliant switches are basic forwarding devices whose main function is to send packets to flow table which has a set of entries that match fields, counters and instructions. The fields are referred to as flow rules which in turn have flow entries. Figure 2: open switch flow table Open flow compliant switch is a basic forwarding device that its primarily function is to send packets according to flow table. Flow table has a set of entries that match fields, counters and instructions as shown below. These fields are called flow rules and flow entries. The header fields in figure 2 above comprise of wildcard the match a specified fields of packets Security Issues in SDN Three main features of SDN are inherent control, programmatic properties and predetermined network implementation [9]. To operate, maintain and secure a communication network is considered a challenge as the network administrators have to accept to deal with low level vendor preset configurations so that high policies of the network can be implemented. Despite efforts to make SDN networks easier to manage attacks to SDN layers has remained a threat to solve. The rigid nature of the underlying infrastructure is difficult to change, however it offers a platform for innovation and improvement. The infrastructure is vertically, closed and proprietary integrated [10]. Figure 4: SDN architecture showing the attack targetable layers This is the most common architectures with even the new technologies. It is expected that as technology matures more it will become an interest for attack to channel their efforts [6]. Most common security issues usually occur at the layers outlined above. This infrastructure delivers some weakness which can be easily be exploited by malicious users by launching attacks on each of the open flow protocol. The SDN attacks vectors that can be exploited by malicious peoples have been discussed below. Attack Vectors From figure 4 above we can clearly see three layers which offer platform for possible attacks. The layers include SDN data plane layer which has capable network devices, SDN controllers which the middle layer and applications and services layer which offer configurations to SDN SDN Layer Attacker This is security threat posed to northbound protocol. The north bound API for SDN layer are JSON, REST, XML, python, java, C, C++ and ruby. The northbound interface is the upper part of controller that is responsible for defining operation tasks and network policies as well as enforcing them into controller in an understandable form. Figure 5: northbound interface There has been little effort to determine, explain and implement northbound protocols as opposed to southbound protocols which could have opened flood gates to defining and implementation to reactive policies. As result the northbound is left exposed and is seen a weak point for attackers to use [10]. North bound API allows the network managers to configure parameters of network runtime for instance network admin may add and modify a list of end host using network control system so as to define who can access the network and block the rest from accessing. These APIs are revealed by HTTP server using the REST practices to allow access to network admin parameters using programming. This allows implementation of graphical user interface, command line interfaces and admin scripts which are good targets of attackers. The attackers focus on the NORTH BOUND API and try to compromise it to gain control of the network through the controller. In cases where the controller does not secure north bound API the attackers are able to create their own SDN policy which gives them absolute control of software defined environment. In case it uses default password them the attacker can create packets to the interface of the controller to allow querying and modification of SDN environment [11] Attacks on Data Plane Layer Malicious user of SDN may harness the malicious use to attacking of data plane layer so as to penetrate the network. If successful they gain access to virtual and physical components that allow modification of the host configuration which acts as their platform form attacks. This platform now allows them to maliciously attack the network infrastructure and compromise the good functionality of the entire network. They can launch attacks such as fuzzing attacks as well as denial of service (DOS)[12]. Southbound APIs are used to communicate with computing components of the network but they do not have secure implementation and no thorough research has been done on them as they have just entered the market. SDN systems use protocols with no encryption or authentication which expose the packets to attackers. The protocols are designed such that they are easily compromised by the attackers[10]. An attacker trys to leverage the South bound API protocols to start flows into flow table of the component. Then the attacker now can spoof the new flows and allows various network traffic flows across the network which have been already blocked by the network administrators. This is possible by creating a bypass traffic steering that focus the network to their direction and avoid the network firewalls. This results to man in the middles attacks and network sniffing. Also the attacker may now the flows and allowed traffic through the network as a result of eaves dropping at the south bound communication of controller and network component. Attacks to Control Layer Control layer attacks are central to spoofing of north bound and south bound API messages which allow attacks instantiate new flows in flow tables. This gives the attacker ability to control traffic through the SDN which allow bypassing of the implemented security protocols The attackers sometimes try to make the controller malfunction through denial of service attacks which is as result of consuming network resources and jamming the network to deny the controller access to the network. As a result the controller becomes slow to receive and sent packets. General purpose operating systems have their own problems which acts as a weak point for hackers. Their controllers are usually deployed using default passwords which dont allow configuration of security settings as the system engineers fear interfering with the system. This results to weak configurations [9]. The attackers sometimes try to create their own virtual controller to tap network elements by making them believe that the flows moving from their controllers are genuine. This give them a chance to instantiate flows to flow table in network elements. As a result the engineers are denied visibility to flows hence its hard for them to trace the source of problem. Resolving Security Issues of SDN Adding security to software defined networking is crucial without consideration of the architecture model used or the communication protocol used. The concept of everything which allow all devices that have an IP address connect to network can be a threat to the network however each network element can be secured. SDN has address these options by integrating security services into this systems [13]. The systems may include threat defense, content inspection and many others In this paper we discuss securing of data plane layer as a measure to control attacks to data plane layer Securing Data Plane Layer Most SDN system run on general purpose x32 bit system and use transport layer security to protect the control plane, however long life sessions make data plane vulnerable to attacks. The control plane need to be separated from major data flows via network security controls or using an out of band network [14]. Transport Layer Security (TLS) authenticates controllers and encrypt end points to protect from eavesdropping and spoofing of communications[6]. Some security protocols used by TLS sessions use either shared secret passwords or nonce or both to protect against replay attacks. The tunnel endpoints and tunnel traffic may be authenticated a certain type of data center interconnect or still use passwords or shared secrets. Some business enterprises have faith in some networks and believe they are inherently secure. Biblography [1] N. McKeown, "Software-defined Networking," infocom, california, 2011.[2] J. ONISICK, "Network Abstraction and Virtualization: Where to Start?," Define The Cloud, 19 June 2013. [3] N. B. C. L. R. 1.-R. John Glover, "Write a Literature Review," VCU Libraries, p. 1, 20 september 2016. [4] D. K. V. Fernando M. V. Ramos, Towards Secure and Dependable Software-Defined Networks, University of Lisbon, Portugal: LaSIGE/FCUL, 2012. [5] Kanika, "Difference Between Control Plane Data Plane," SDN tutorials, p. 1, 21 june 2016. [6] S. Hogg, "SDN Security Attack Vectors and SDN Hardening," Network World from IDG, 2014. [7] m. r. t, "OpenStack Neutron (formerly called Quantum)," tech target, london, 2016.[8] M. M. a. Braun Wolfgang, "Software-Defined Networking Using OpenFlow: Protocols, Applications and Architectural Design Choices," future internet, pp. 320-329, 2014. [9] A. R. Voellmy, "Programmable and Scalable Software-Defined Networking Controllers," 2014.[10] H. K. a. N. Feamster, "Softw are Denied Networks," Georgia, 2013.[11] A. R. Voellmy, "Programmable and Scalable Software-Defined Networking Controllers," 2014.[12] Y. Y. Y. YuHunag MinChi, " A Novel Design for Future On-Demand Service and Security.," in In Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), Nanjing, 2011. [13] Open Networking Foundation, "Principles and Practices for Securing Software-Defined Networks," ONF TR-511, january 2015. [14] R. Millman, "How to secure the SDN infrastructure," in TechTarget, 2015. [15] D. O. J. C. D. W. F. J. C. M. B. V. M. J. M. T. R. R. C. Dixon, "software defined networking to support the software defined environment," International Business Machines Corporation, 2014. [16] C. C. P. B. S. N. Todd Aven, "Principles and Practices for securing Network Defined Networking," Open Networking Foundation, 2015. [17] J. W. D. L. J. L. A. V. V. M. I. Zhaogang Shu, "Security in Software-Defined Networking: Threats and Countermeasures," Springer Link, 2016. [10] Gladisch and W. Kellerer, "Software defined networking and network function virtualization", it - Information Technology, vol. 57, no. 5, 2015.[11] Gladisch and W. Kellerer, "Software defined networking and network function virtualization", it - Information Technology, vol. 57, no. 5, 2015. [12] Kirkpatrick, "Software-defined networking", Communications of the ACM, vol. 56, no. 9, p. 16, 2013.